重组质粒导入真核细胞的两种方法比较

目的：比较糖化多聚赖氨酸介导和电穿孔两种方法将重组质粒导入真核细胞的优缺点。方法：用最佳电压、电容、温度、DNA浓度进行电穿孔转染,或者先使重组质粒与糖化多聚赖氨酸电性结合后,再与2.2.15细胞共同温育的方法,分别将pcEP4-aC重组质粒导入2.2.15细胞,经潮霉素筛选,比较两种方法的优劣。结果：两种方法都能成功地将重组质粒导入2.2.15细胞,但糖化多聚赖氨酸介导者,细胞生存时间较长。结论：糖化多聚赖氨酸导向配体具有良好的导入重组质粒进入肝细胞的功能,且更适合于应用。     

Molecular targeting for epidermal growth factor receptor expressed on breast cancer cells by human fusion protein

Recombinant human ribonuclease 1 (RNasel) was chemically linked to recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF). The cytotoxicity of this conjugate was assayed using MTT assay. The EGF-RNase conjugate showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against breast and squamous cell carcinomas overexpressing the EGF receptor (EGFR). The cytotoxicity of the conjugate correlated positively with the level of EGFR expression by each cell line. These results suggest that the EGF-RNase conjugate is a more effective anticancer agent with less immunogenicity and toxicity than conventional chimeric breast cancer toxins.     

载多柔比星人血清白蛋白毫微粒和两种免疫毫微粒的体内外靶向性研究

目的 构建载多柔比星的普通毫微粒、全抗体免疫毫微粒和抗体F(ab’)2片段免疫毫微粒，比较它们对肿瘤的体外和体内靶向性，寻找对肿瘤组织具有特异性靶向作用的制剂。方法 采用异型双功能交联剂琥珀酰亚胺基-3-(2-吡啶二硫)丙酸酯(SPDF)，将兔抗大鼠乳腺癌细胞系Walker-256细胞的多克隆抗体(Wab)和其F(ab’)2片段即WF(ab’)2与载多柔比星(Doxorubicin，DRB)的人血清白蛋白毫微粒(DRB-HSA-NP)交联，制备全抗体免疫毫微粒Wab-DRB-HSA-NP和F(ab’)2片段免疫毫微粒WF(ab’)2-DRB-HSA-NP，比较它们的体外肿瘤细胞靶向性和体内组织器官靶向性。结果 与DRB-HSA-NP相比，两种免疫毫微粒均有较好的体外肿瘤特异靶向性，瘤体内给药后在瘤体内的滞留量也显著增高，特别是WF(ab’)2-DRB-HSA-NP，由于所偶联的抗体切除了FC段，降低了抗体与巨噬细胞的结合。结论 免疫毫微粒，特别是WF(ab’)2-DRB-HSA-NP具有较好的肿瘤肥向性，是一种很有价值的靶向制剂。     

天然高分子磁微球作为靶向制剂的研究进展

磁性微球作为靶向药物载体有利于提高药物疗效，降低药物的毒副作用，为化疗药物的临床应用开辟了新途径。文章着重综述和评价了以天然高分子材料为载体的磁性微球的制备和应用，并对相关研究工作中存在的问题提出了看法。     

False-Positive β-Galactosidase Staining in Osteoclasts by Endogenous Enzyme: Studies in Neonatal and Month-Old Wild-Type Mice

Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (β-gal), encoded by the lacZ gene, has become an essential tool in studies of gene expression and function in higher eukaryotes. lac-Z is widely used as a marker gene to detect expression of transgenes or Cre recombinase driven by tissue-specific promoters. The timing and location of promoter activity is easily visualized in whole embryos or specific tissues using the cleavable, chromogenic substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal). The tissue specificity of promoters in transgenic constructs is routinely tested by using a promoter of choice to drive lacZ. Alternatively, the targeted expression of Cre recombinase to perform in vivo recombination of loxP sites can be visualized by β-gal staining in mice carrying a Cre-activated lacZ transgene, such as the ROSA26 strain. In the course of our investigations, we examined β-gal activity in bone tissue from genetically normal mice using standard detection methodology and found very high endogenous activity in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This was true in frozen, paraffin, and glycol methacrylate sections. X-gal staining colocalized with the osteoclast marker, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). β-gal activity was present in osteoclasts in long bones, in the mandible, and in both neonatal and more mature animals. We present this brief article as a caution to those testing genetic models of skeletal gene expression using β-gal as a marker gene.     

Antibody-based fusion proteins to target death receptors in cancer

Ideally, an immunotoxin should be inactive ‘en route’, acquire activity only after tumor cell surface binding and have no off-target effects towards normal cells. In this respect, antibody-based fusion proteins that exploit the tumor-selective pro-apoptotic death ligands sFasL and sTRAIL appear promising. Soluble FasL largely lacks receptor-activating potential, whereas sTRAIL is inactive towards normal cells. Fusion proteins in which an anti-tumor antibody fragment (scFv) is fused to sFasL or sTRAIL prove to be essentially inactive when soluble, while gaining potent anti-tumor activity after selective binding to a predefined tumor-associated cell surface antigen. Importantly, off-target binding by scFv:sTRAIL to normal cells showed no signs of toxicity. In this review, we highlight the rationale and perspectives of scFv:TRAIL/scFv:sFasL based fusion proteins for cancer therapy.     

Nanomedicine for acute respiratory distress syndrome: The latest application,targeting strategy,and rational design

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the severe inflammation and destruction of the lung air–blood barrier, leading to irreversible and substantial respiratory function damage. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been encountered with a high risk of ARDS, underscoring the urgency for exploiting effective therapy. However, proper medications for ARDS are still lacking due to poor pharmacokinetics, non-specific side effects, inability to surmount pulmonary barrier, and inadequate management of heterogeneity. The increased lung permeability in the pathological environment of ARDS may contribute to nanoparticle-mediated passive targeting delivery. Nanomedicine has demonstrated unique advantages in solving the dilemma of ARDS drug therapy, which can address the shortcomings and limitations of traditional anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drug treatment. Through passive, active, or physicochemical targeting, nanocarriers can interact with lung epithelium/endothelium and inflammatory cells to reverse abnormal changes and restore homeostasis of the pulmonary environment, thereby showing good therapeutic activity and reduced toxicity. This article reviews the latest applications of nanomedicine in pre-clinical ARDS therapy, highlights the strategies for targeted treatment of lung inflammation, presents the innovative drug delivery systems, and provides inspiration for strengthening the therapeutic effect of nanomedicine-based treatment.     

Site-Specific Drug Targeting with Fluorouracil Microspheres

Abstract

The disposition of 5-fluorouracil following intra-arterial administration in albino rats, as a free drug suspension (control) or via magnetic albumin microspheres (treatment group) in normal saline, has been investigated. The rat tail was used as the target model wherein fluorouracil microspheres were injected into the ventral caudal artery. A magnetic field of 6000 G was directed toward a predetermined site on the tail. On analysis, it was observed that the magnetically responsive albumin microspheres of fluorouracil showed an increase in drug retention at the target site and liver. However, drug retention in the heart, kidney, and tissues in close proximity to the target site was considerably less. It was also observed that the amount of drug retained in nontarget sites (heart, kidney, and lungs) was less when fluorouracil was administered in the microsphere form rather than as a suspension. This results in low drug exposure of nontarget organs with the microsphere form, which would otherwise have exhibited toxicity effects.     

Experimental Methods for Improved Spatial Control of Thermal Lesions in Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Ablation

Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU, or MRgFUS) is a hybrid technology that was developed to provide efficient and tolerable thermal ablation of targeted tumors or other pathologic tissues, while preserving the normal surrounding structures. Fast 3-D ablation strategies are feasible with the newly available phased-array HIFU transducers. However, unlike fixed heating sources for interstitial ablation (radiofrequency electrode, microwave applicator, infra-red laser applicator), HIFU uses propagating waves. Therefore, the main challenge is to avoid thermo-acoustical adverse effects, such as energy deposition at reflecting interfaces and thermal drift of the focal lesion toward the near field. We report here our investigations on some novel experimental solutions to solve, or at least to alleviate, these generally known tolerability problems in HIFU-based therapy. Online multiplanar MR thermometry was the main investigational tool extensively used in this study to identify the problems and to assess the efficacy of the tested solutions. We present an improved method to cancel the beam reflection at the exit window (i.e., tissue-to-air interface) by creating a multilayer protection, to dissipate the residual HIFU beam by bulk scattering. This study evaluates selective de-activation of transducer elements to reduce the collateral heating at bone surfaces in the far field, mainly during automatically controlled volumetric ablation. We also explore, using hybrid US/MR simultaneous imaging, the feasibility of using disruptive boiling at the focus, both as a far-field self-shielding technique and as an enhanced ablation strategy (i.e., boiling core controlled HIFU ablation).     

靶向表达的逆转录病毒载体LN.ALBTRS.TK的构建

目的:构建出在肝细胞中具靶向表达潜能的逆转录 TK 基因载体。方法:用 p2335A-1中的一段2.0Kb的人白蛋白组织特异性转录调节序列(ALBTRS)取代 pSTK 中的 SV40启动子,所构建的载体命名为 LN.ALB-TRS.TK。结果:载体 LN.ALBTRS.TK 的结构中,含有 ALBTRS 启动子,具有在肝细胞中特异表达白蛋白的潜能,载体经酶切鉴定表明结构符合要求。结论:成功地构建出具靶向表达潜能的逆转录载体 LN.ALBTRS.TK。